What can we learn from comparing acceleration and max velocity sprinting?

What did the study look at?

A large amount of published literature exists reporting biomechanical aspects of discrete phases within a sprint.

This article initially identifies and discusses some of the key differences between accelerative and maximum velocity sprinting, before considering the implications these differences may have when constructing a strength and conditioning programme to develop the different phases of linear sprint running.

Example exercises which could be used during the specialised preparatory and developmental phases of training are then proposed based on the discussed biomechanics and the available research related to these exercises.

Why is it important?

Distinguishing between acceleration and maximum velocity sprinting mechanisms is crucial in sports and athletics for optimizing performance and injury prevention.

Acceleration involves the initial burst of speed from a standstill or slow start, demanding powerful muscle contractions and rapid force generation.

Conversely, maximum velocity sprinting pertains to reaching one's peak speed and maintaining it over a distance, requiring a different set of biomechanical factors. By understanding these distinctions, coaches and athletes can tailor their training regimens to target specific phases of sprinting, improving efficiency and speed development.

Moreover, recognizing the unique demands of each phase allows for more precise injury prevention strategies, reducing the risk of overuse injuries associated with prolonged periods of high-speed running. In essence, distinguishing between acceleration and maximum velocity sprinting mechanisms is essential for honing sprinting prowess and safeguarding the athlete's well-being.

What were the results?

In conclusion, there are clear biomechanical differences during the stance phase of acceleration and maximum velocity sprint running.

Longer ground contact times exist during acceleration with a greater requirement for explosive concentric strength, directed more horizontally.

Shorter ground contact times exist during maximum velocity with a greater requirement for reactive eccentric strength, and vertically directed forces.

These relatively clear discrepancies can help inform the S&C coach in selecting exercises to improve either phase in isolation. Less clear, however, is the approach a S&C coach should take when looking to improve both speed qualities concurrently.

Without a sound understanding of the biomechanical parameters involved in linear sprint running, a S&C coach may, at best, limit an athlete’s horizontal velocity during acceleration and maximum velocity and, at worst, hinder their performance in either phase.

More research is needed to ascertain the effects of different training modalities on the different phases of linear sprint running and whether training for one will have a detrimental effect on the other.